Automatically translated from Basque, translation may contain errors. More information here. Elhuyarren itzultzaile automatikoaren logoa

Burbuilaren ordainsaria

  • Azkeneko hamarkadan finantza krisiak periferiako herrietan lehertu izan dira. Oraingoak Amerikako Estatu Batuetan (AEB) du epizentroa. Herrialde honetako ekonomiaren larritasuna aspalditik aurreikusten zen, bertan ematen baita munduko defizit mailarik garaiena, arlo fiskalean zein kanpoko merkataritzan. Bestalde finantzen globalizazioak zelaia libre uzten du finantza erakundeek kontrolik gabeko eragiketa espekulatiboak egin ditzaten. Kontestu honetan eman da udan AEBetako higiezinen burbuilaren eztanda.
Mikel Zurbano
Mikel ZurbanoDani Blanco
Higiezinen fondoak dira lehertu direnak, baina ondorioak haratago doaz, nazioarteko finantza sisteman bertan eragin baitu. Krisi honen ondorioak nozitzen ari gara dagoeneko: dolarraren depreziazioa, inflazioaren berpiztea nazioartean eta, honekin lotuta, munduko interes tasen goranzko joera indarberritua –hartzekodun ororen eta inbertsioaren kalterako–.

Leherketaren atzean eragiketa espekulatzailea egon da hemen ere. AEBetako egungo interes tasa %5,25 da, baina 2003an %1 historikora jaitsi zen. Oinarri honen gainean enpresak eta finantza erakundeak etxebizitza erosteko itsu-itsuan hasi ziren maileguz ematen. Honela, AEBetako kontsumitzaileen zor guztiaren %80 mailegu hipotekarioekin lotzen da. Eraikuntzak eta etxebizitzen erosketek hazkunde aparta ezagutu zuten. Etxebizitzen prezio igoerak mugagabea zirudien. Horrez gain, mailegu hipotekario hauetako asko “titulu finantzario” bihurtu zituzten eta beste finantza erakunde batzuei saltzen hasi ziren arrisku gabeko titulu gisa. Honela mailegu hipotekarioen arriskuen “zuriketa” gauzatu zen. Titulu hauen erosleei interes garaiak ordaintzen zizkieten. AEBetako finantza erakundeak ez ezik Europa eta Asiakoak ere titulu hauek erabili dituzte finantzazio iturri gisa: itxuraz arriskurik gabeko “titulu” bihurtutako arrisku handiko bilioika dolar ugari dago munduan zehar barreiatuta gaur egun. Soilik AEBetan hipoteken gaineko bigarren mailako titulu hauek bertako banku-aktibo guztien %49 dira.

Irabazpideek aurrera egin zuten harik eta interes tasak igotzearekin AEBetan ordain ezintasuna hedatzen hasi zen arte. Eta bigarren mailako tituluen jabeek hauek merkatutik erretiratzen hasi orduko, nazioarteko finantza sistema osora hedatu da krisia. Finantza erakunde askok porrota nozitu dute eta mendebaleko Banku Zentral ugarik finantza merkatuetan likidezia txertatu behar izan dute sistemaren erabateko porrota saiheste aldera. Berriro ere eskuhartze publikoa, finantza baliabide publikoekin egina, finantza erakundeen gehiegikeriaren kalteordainak estaltzera etorri da. Finantza erakunde pribatuen hondamendia ekiditeko, mendebaleko gobernuek ez dute erreparorik beste hainbat arlotan zorrozki aplikatzen den doktrina liberala hemen alboan uzteko. Izan ere, finantza sistema bera da kolokan dagoena, bertan mundu mailako integrazioa erabatekoa baita eta honelako krisia hedatuz gero izaera globala hartuko baitu.

AEBetako Erreserba Federalak interes tasen behin-behineko jaitsieraren bidea hartu du etxeko krisia gainditzeko baina ez dirudi luzeko mugimendua izango denik. Izan ere 1980ko hamarkadan eta duela bi urtetik indarrean egon den ekonomi politika probetxuzkoa izan baita AEBentzat: interes tasak igoz atzerriko kapitalak erakarri etxeko zor erraldoia estaltzeko, eta dolarraren makina astinduz hornitzaileak (Txina, Japonia edo Europa) ordaintzeko. Honen guztiaren xedea estatubatuarrei ez dagokien gehiegizko kontsumo mailari eustea izan da kostuak munduko enparaura hedatuz. Munduko finantza egonkortasuna hankaz gora eta mundua atzeraldi berri baten atarian ipintzea American way of life delakoa ziurtatzeko kalte kolaterala baino ez da AEBetako neocon eta gobernu liberalarentzat.

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